The giraffe (Giraffa spp.) is the tallest land mammal, found across the savannas and open woodlands of sub-Saharan Africa. Its height, feeding behaviour, and movement patterns make it an important part of these ecosystems.

Adult giraffes can reach heights of up to 5.5 metres. Their long necks contain the same number of vertebrae as most mammals, but each is greatly elongated.

Their coat patterns vary between subspecies, ranging from irregular patches to more defined, net-like markings. These patterns help with camouflage in dappled light environments.

Giraffes also have a specialised circulatory system. Their large heart and high blood pressure help maintain blood flow to the brain, particularly when raising or lowering the head.

Giraffes are browsers that feed mainly on leaves, shoots, and twigs. They commonly feed on acacia trees, using their long tongues to navigate around thorns.

They live in loose social groups that change over time. Females and young often stay together, while males may be solitary or form small groups. Male giraffes compete through a behaviour known as necking, where they swing their necks to establish dominance.

Giraffes are distributed across several regions of Africa, including Kenya, Tanzania, Botswana, and South Africa. They prefer habitats with scattered trees and open space for movement. There are multiple recognised subspecies, each with distinct coat patterns and geographic ranges.

Giraffes influence their environment in several ways:

• Shape tree growth through browsing
• Disperse seeds through digestion and movement
• Support plant diversity across savanna ecosystems
• Contribute to the food web as prey for large predators

Their feeding helps maintain balance between different plant species.

Giraffe populations have declined in recent decades due to habitat loss, land use change, and human pressures. Some subspecies are at greater risk than others. Protecting habitat and supporting conservation programs are key to maintaining stable populations.

The giraffe is a highly adapted herbivore with a clear role in shaping savanna ecosystems. Its feeding behaviour, movement, and interactions with vegetation contribute to ecological balance across its range.